CAMBODIA

Agrisolar Farms

Cambodia’s agricultural sector is the backbone of its economy and the primary livelihood for the majority of its population. Unlike Thailand’s more diversified agro-industrial base, Cambodia’s agriculture remains overwhelmingly smallholder-driven — characterized by family-operated farms of less than 2 hectares, limited mechanization, and heavy reliance on rain-fed cultivation. The sector is at a critical inflection point: export volumes are growing at double-digit rates, yet most smallholders remain trapped at subsistence levels. Agrisolar integration represents a transformative opportunity to increase land productivity, stabilize farmer incomes, and power the irrigation and cold-chain infrastructure that Cambodia’s agricultural modernization urgently requires.

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1. SCALE AND STRUCTURE OF CAMBODIA’S SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE

1.1 Farming Households and Demographics

Cambodia’s agricultural sector comprises approximately 2.1 million farming households, representing roughly 60% of the country’s 3.7 million total households. The average farming household has 4-5 members, meaning approximately 10-11 million Cambodians — over 60% of the total population of 17 million — depend directly on smallholder agriculture for their livelihoods.

The 2023 Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) reported that agriculture employed approximately 3.1 million individuals, accounting for 33.4% of the total workforce. This represents a gradual decline from 45% in 2015, reflecting Cambodia’s ongoing structural transformation toward manufacturing and services. However, in absolute terms, the agricultural labor force remains enormous — and predominantly female. Women comprise an estimated 50-55% of the agricultural workforce, performing critical roles in planting, weeding, harvesting, and post-harvest processing.

The 2023 Census of Agriculture (CAC 2023), conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), provides the most comprehensive profile of Cambodia’s farming sector to date. The census documented agricultural holdings across all 25 provinces, capturing data on crop cultivation, livestock, aquaculture, and agricultural economics.

1.2 Average Farm Size and Land Distribution

Cambodia’s average farm size is significantly smaller than Thailand’s 4-hectare average. According to the CAC 2023 and World Bank data, the national average farm holding is approximately 1.2 hectares (2.96 acres), with substantial regional variation:

• Tonle Sap floodplain provinces (Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhnang): Average 1.5-2.5 hectares, benefiting from fertile alluvial soils and better water access.
• Mekong River corridor (Kandal, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, Takeo): Average 0.8-1.5 hectares, more intensive cultivation with double-cropping.
• Upland/plateau provinces (Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri, Stung Treng): Average 1.5-3.0 hectares, but lower productivity due to poorer soils and limited irrigation.
• Coastal provinces (Kampot, Kep, Koh Kong, Preah Sihanouk): Average 0.5-1.5 hectares, mix of rice, fruit trees, and pepper.

Critically, the farm size distribution is heavily skewed toward the lower end. An estimated 60-70% of Cambodian farms are under 1.5 hectares, and approximately 40% are under 1 hectare — classifying them as “micro-holdings” by FAO standards. Farms below 1 hectare face acute challenges: they cannot achieve economies of scale, have minimal surplus for market sales, and are most vulnerable to climate shocks.

1.3 Land Tenure and Economic Land Concessions

Land tenure security is a defining challenge for Cambodian smallholders. While the 2001 Land Law established a framework for private land ownership, implementation has been uneven. An estimated 30-40% of smallholder farmers lack formal land titles, operating under customary tenure arrangements that provide limited legal protection.

The government’s Economic Land Concession (ELC) program, which granted large tracts to agribusiness and plantation companies, has been a source of tension. By 2023, approximately 1.2 million hectares had been allocated under ELCs — much of it overlapping with land traditionally used by smallholder communities. A 2023 sub-decree reduced the ELC ceiling to 10,000 hectares and cancelled underperforming concessions, but land conflicts persist in provinces such as Kampong Speu, Koh Kong, and Preah Vihear.

As available arable land becomes scarce — the agricultural frontier is effectively closed — Cambodia’s pathway to agricultural growth must shift from area expansion to productivity intensification. This is where agrisolar becomes directly relevant: it enables higher yields per hectare without requiring additional land.

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2. MAJOR CASH CROPS AND SMALLHOLDER PRODUCTION

Cambodia’s smallholder agriculture spans a diverse range of crops, dominated by rice but with rapidly growing export-oriented cash crops. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) has prioritized 10 strategic crops: rice, cassava, cashew nuts, rubber, maize, mango, banana, pepper, mung bean, and soybean.

2.1 Rice — The Dominant Crop

Rice is Cambodia’s staple food and primary agricultural product, cultivated on approximately 3.3 million hectares across the country. Cambodia consistently ranks among the world’s top 10 rice producers (typically 9th or 10th globally) and among the top 5 rice exporters by volume. In 2023, Cambodia produced approximately 11-12 million tons of paddy rice, with export volumes growing substantially.

The vast majority of rice in Cambodia is grown by smallholders on plots of 0.5-3 hectares, using traditional methods. Cambodia has achieved rice self-sufficiency with substantial surplus for export, but productivity remains well below regional leaders. Vietnam achieves nearly double Cambodia’s rice yield due to superior irrigation coverage, higher-yielding varieties, and better fertilizer management.

Cambodia’s rice sector is dominated by wet-season (monsoon) production, with dry-season irrigated rice limited to approximately 20-25% of total area. This seasonal dependency makes incomes highly variable — farmers earn the bulk of annual income during the November-January harvest, with limited revenue for the remainder of the year.

2.2 Cassava — The Silent Giant

Cassava is Cambodia’s second most important crop by area and a critical export commodity. Cambodia is the 4th largest cassava producer in Asia and the 10th largest globally, with annual production of approximately 14-16 million tons of fresh roots from roughly 700,000-800,000 hectares. Cassava is overwhelmingly grown by smallholders on marginal upland soils where rice cultivation is less viable.

In 2023-2024, cassava exports surged, driven by strong demand from Thailand and Vietnam for processing into starch and animal feed, and growing demand from China for cassava chips. A significant proportion of Cambodia’s cassava is exported as raw chips with minimal domestic value addition — a critical bottleneck that the government’s 2023 National Cassava Policy aims to address.

2.3 Cashew Nuts — World’s Third Largest Producer

Cambodia has emerged as a global cashew powerhouse. According to FAO data released in early 2024, Cambodia produced over 650,000 tons of raw cashew nuts in 2023, ranking as the world’s 3rd largest producer behind only Côte d’Ivoire and India. However, Cambodia’s position is precarious: approximately 90-95% of raw cashew nuts are exported unprocessed to Vietnam for shelling, roasting, and packaging — capturing only a fraction of the value chain.

The cashew sector is almost entirely smallholder-driven, with an estimated 300,000-400,000 farming households cultivating cashew trees, primarily in Kampong Thom, Kratie, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, and Preah Vihear provinces. The government aims to establish domestic processing capacity to capture more value, targeting 25% domestic processing by 2027.

2.4 Rubber — Smallholder Growth Story

Cambodia’s rubber sector has undergone a dramatic transformation. Total planted area grew from approximately 202,000 hectares in 2010 to over 758,000 hectares in 2023 — nearly a four-fold increase. Smallholder farmers now cultivate approximately 161,000 hectares, representing 36% of the total rubber area, with the remainder held by large-scale concessions.

The rubber smallholder sector experienced a boom from 2000-2011 as global prices surged, drawing thousands of farmers into rubber cultivation in Kampong Cham, Tboung Khmum, Kratie, and Ratanakiri provinces. However, the sustained price downturn since 2011 has severely impacted smallholder incomes, with many farmers unable to cover tapping costs during low-price periods. Diversification into intercropping and alternative income sources has become essential for rubber smallholders.

2.5 Other Important Cash Crops

Mangoes: Cambodia is an emerging mango exporter, with production concentrated in Kampong Speu, Kampot, and Battambang provinces. The Keo Romeat variety has gained GI protection and access to South Korean and Chinese markets. Smallholders dominate mango production, typically cultivating 10-100 trees as part of mixed farming systems.

Bananas: Large-scale Chinese investment has transformed Cambodia’s banana sector, but smallholders still account for an estimated 20-30% of production, primarily in Kampot, Koh Kong, and Ratanakiri provinces.

Maize (Corn): Grown on approximately 150,000-200,000 hectares, primarily in Battambang, Pailin, and Banteay Meanchey provinces, mainly for animal feed. Smallholders dominate, typically growing maize as a rotation crop with cassava or soybeans.

Pepper: Kampot pepper is Cambodia’s most famous GI-protected product, exported to premium markets in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Production is limited to approximately 300-500 hectares but commands premium prices ($15-25/kg for black pepper, significantly higher for red and white varieties). The sector is exclusively smallholder, with farms averaging 0.1-0.5 hectares.

Mung Bean and Soybean: Grown as rotation crops in rice-based systems, particularly in the Mekong corridor and Tonle Sap provinces. Production is modest but growing, driven by demand from Vietnam and domestic processors.

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3. AGRICULTURAL INCOME AND POVERTY

3.1 Average Farm Income

The average annual income for a Cambodian smallholder farming household varies significantly by crop type, farm size, and access to irrigation. The 2023 CSES indicates that average rural household income is approximately $2,500-$3,500 per year ($208-$292 per month), with agricultural activities contributing roughly 50-60% of this total. However, for the smallest and most vulnerable farmers, incomes are far lower.

The critical insight: approximately 40-50% of Cambodian farming households earn incomes near or below the national poverty line, especially those cultivating less than 1 hectare of rain-fed rice.

3.2 Poverty and Food Security

Cambodia’s national poverty rate has declined dramatically — from 47.8% in 2007 to approximately 17.8% in 2019-2020, and estimated below 10% by 2023. However, poverty remains disproportionately concentrated in rural agricultural households. The national poverty line is set at 10,951 riel (approximately $2.70) per person per day.

The Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2022 (World Bank) found that while poverty reduction has been substantial, many households living just above the poverty line remain highly vulnerable to shocks — a single crop failure, health emergency, or price collapse can push them back below the line. This vulnerability is particularly acute for smallholder farmers with limited savings and no access to formal insurance.

3.3 Farm Size and Poverty Correlation

Following the analytical approach of the Thailand agrisolar article, we can estimate the average farm size for Cambodian smallholders earning incomes below the poverty line:

• National average farm size: ~1.2 hectares.
• For below-poverty-line farmers: Estimated 0.5-0.8 hectares (roughly 40-60% of the national average).
• The correlation is strong: farms under 1 hectare account for ~40% of all holdings but an estimated 60-70% of those below the poverty line.
• In Cambodia, an estimated 800,000-1,000,000 farming households operate on less than 1 hectare — the highest concentration of micro-holdings in mainland Southeast Asia.

This micro-holding segment is where agrisolar offers the greatest transformative potential: even modest increases in land productivity (achievable through solar-powered irrigation and post-harvest processing) can double household income from $800 to $1,600-2,000 per year, lifting families above the poverty threshold.

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4. INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRAINTS — IRRIGATION, ENERGY, AND COLD CHAIN

4.1 Irrigation Coverage

Cambodia’s irrigation infrastructure is the single greatest bottleneck to agricultural productivity. Only approximately 20-25% of Cambodia’s agricultural land has access to irrigation, compared to approximately 40% in Thailand and 50%+ in Vietnam. The remaining 75-80% is rain-fed, leaving smallholders entirely dependent on monsoon patterns that are becoming increasingly erratic due to climate change.

The government has invested substantially in irrigation rehabilitation since the 1990s, but coverage remains inadequate. Existing schemes are concentrated in the Mekong corridor and parts of the Tonle Sap floodplain, leaving upland and coastal regions severely underserved. Even where irrigation infrastructure exists, unreliable electricity supply means many pump stations operate below capacity — or not at all.

The productivity gap is stark: Vietnam, with comprehensive irrigation coverage, achieves 75% higher rice yields than Cambodia. Even Thailand, with lower per-hectare rice yields than Cambodia, achieves higher total output and farmer incomes due to better water management, mechanization, and value-chain integration.

4.2 Rural Electrification and Energy Access

Cambodia has made significant progress in rural electrification, with national electricity access reaching approximately 90%+ by 2023. However, the quality, reliability, and cost of rural electricity remain major barriers:

• Grid electricity in rural areas is often unstable, with voltage fluctuations and frequent outages during peak agricultural seasons.
• Electricity tariffs in rural areas range from 480-720 riel/kWh ($0.12-$0.18/kWh) — significantly higher than urban industrial rates of $0.10-$0.12/kWh.
• Many remote farming communities, particularly in upland provinces, remain off-grid entirely or rely on expensive diesel generators for pumping.
• Solar-powered irrigation pumps have been piloted by development partners (ADB, FAO, GIZ, UNDP) with promising results, but adoption remains at pilot scale.

4.3 Cold Chain and Post-Harvest Losses

Post-harvest losses in Cambodia are estimated at 15-30% for fruits and vegetables and 10-15% for grains, representing an enormous value destruction for smallholders. The absence of cold chain infrastructure means:

• Fresh produce must be sold immediately after harvest or lost to spoilage.
• Farmers have zero bargaining power with traders, who know the product cannot be stored.
• Seasonal gluts crash prices — mango farmers routinely receive $0.05-$0.10/kg during peak season for fruit that retails at $2-3/kg in Phnom Penh supermarkets.
• Solar-powered cold storage and drying facilities offer a direct pathway to reduce losses and increase farmer income by 30-50% without increasing production.

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5. AGRISOLAR OPPORTUNITY IN CAMBODIA

Cambodia’s combination of high solar irradiation (4.8-5.4 kWh/m²/day annual average), extensive smallholder agriculture, critical irrigation deficits, and rural energy access gaps makes it one of the most compelling agrisolar markets in Southeast Asia.

5.1 Solar Irradiation Advantage

Cambodia receives among the highest solar irradiation in Southeast Asia, comparable to Thailand but with significantly lower land costs and labor rates:

5.2 Key Agrisolar Applications

Solar-Powered Irrigation: Direct replacement for diesel pumps and grid-dependent electric pumps. A 5-10 kW solar pump system can irrigate 2-5 hectares of rice or horticultural crops, reducing irrigation costs by 60-80% compared to diesel and enabling dry-season cultivation that doubles annual income. Payback period: 2-4 years with fuel savings alone.

Agrivoltaics (Elevated Solar Panels Over Crops): Elevated solar panel structures (3-4 meters high) allow crops to be cultivated beneath — a technique increasingly deployed in Japan, Europe, and India. For Cambodia, agrivoltaics is particularly suitable for shade-tolerant crops such as coffee, pepper, vanilla, and certain vegetables, where partial shading from panels can actually improve yields while generating electricity for irrigation and processing.

Solar Cold Storage: Containerized solar-powered cold rooms (10-40 foot) can extend the shelf life of fresh produce from 1-3 days to 14-21 days. A single 20-foot solar cold room (5 kW PV + battery) can store 5-10 tons of produce and costs approximately $15,000-$25,000 installed — potentially paid back in 1-2 seasons through reduced spoilage and improved price timing.

Solar Drying: For cassava, cashew, and maize — crops that require drying before processing or export — solar drying replaces diesel-heated or sun-drying methods. Solar tunnel dryers reduce drying time from 3-5 days to 1-2 days, reduce contamination, and improve product quality, commanding 10-20% price premiums.

5.3 Policy and Investment Environment

Cambodia’s government has signaled strong support for solar energy and agricultural modernization:

• The Cambodia Energy Efficiency Policy (2022-2030) targets 30% renewable energy in the national mix by 2030.
• The National Cassava Policy (2023) explicitly identifies solar drying and processing as priority investments.
• The Agricultural Sector Strategic Development Plan (2019-2023, extended to 2030) prioritizes irrigation, mechanization, and value addition.
• Cambodia’s Power Development Plan (PDP 2022-2040) projects 3,200 MW of solar PV capacity by 2040.
• International development partners (ADB, World Bank, FAO, GIZ, UNDP, JICA, KOICA) are actively funding agricultural modernization projects with solar components.

The regulatory environment for distributed solar is favorable: net metering is available for systems up to 50 kW, import duties on solar equipment have been reduced, and the Electricity Authority of Cambodia (EAC) has streamlined licensing for small-scale renewable energy projects.

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6. AGRISOLAR LABS SOLUTIONS INTEGRATION STRATEGY

This section maps Agrisolar Labs’ portfolio of solutions to Cambodia’s smallholder context in a tiered deployment framework. Cambodia’s smallholder profile — 2.1 million farming households with a national average of 1.2 hectares, 40% under 1 hectare, heavy rain-fed rice dependence, and rapidly growing cassava and cashew export sectors — creates a distinct set of deployment priorities.

6.1 Tier 1 — Easiest Solutions for Poverty-Line Smallholders (<1 ha, Below Poverty Line)

These seven solutions require the lowest capital, simplest maintenance, and fastest ROI. They are designed for farmers earning less than $1,500 per year — Cambodia’s micro-holding majority.

6.1.1 Solar Water Irrigation

System: 1-3 kW solar pump. Capital cost: $800-2,500. Irrigates 0.5-2 hectares. Replaces diesel pumps consuming 20-30% of farm income. Payback: 12-18 months on fuel savings. Enables dry-season cultivation doubling annual cropping cycles. Priority: Battambang, Kampong Thom, Prey Veng/Svay Rieng.

6.1.2 Solar Powered Cold Storage

System: 10-20 ft containerized solar cold room shared by 50-100 farmers. Capital cost: $12,000-30,000 per unit. 5 kW PV + battery. Extends vegetable shelf life from 1-3 days to 14-21 days. Payback: 1-2 seasons. Priority: Kandal, Kampot, Battambang.

6.1.3 BiocharPlus Soil Regeneration

System: On-farm biochar from rice husks and cashew shells — abundant waste in Cambodia. Capital cost: $100-500 for pyrolyzer kiln. Improves water retention 15-25%, reduces fertilizer needs 20-40%, increases yields 10-25%. Carbon credits via Agrisolar Labs MRV. Priority: all rice-growing provinces.

6.1.4 Prefab Vertical Growhouses

System: 20-40 m² modular unit, solar-powered LED + drip irrigation. Capital cost: $1,000-3,000. 10-20x yield per m². Net income $80-150/month for leafy greens. Priority: Kandal, Siem Reap.

6.1.5 Solar Crop Drying

System: Solar tunnel dryer. Capital cost: $500-2,000. Reduces drying from 3-5 days to 1-2 days. Quality premium 10-25%. Highest ROI: cassava chips, cashew nuts, Kampot pepper, mango. Priority: Kampong Thom/Kratie (cashew), Battambang/Pailin (cassava), Kampot/Kep (pepper).

6.1.6 IoT Precision Farming Sensors

System: Soil moisture + temperature sensors with solar-powered controller. Capital cost: $200-500 for 1-2 ha. Reduces water use 30-50%. Pairs with solar pumps. Priority: new solar irrigation adopters.

6.1.7 Digital Carbon Credits

System: Register on Agrisolar Labs MRV platform. Passive income: $30-150/ha/year from biochar, agroforestry, REDD+. Priority: Mondulkiri/Ratanakiri, Cardamom Mountains, Tonle Sap communities.

6.2 Tier 2 — Growth Solutions (Above Poverty Line, 1-3 ha)

AgrisolarAI Agents — AI crop advisory, pest/disease alerts, market prices. Smartphone-based. Solar Powered Crop Processing — cassava chippers, rice hullers, cashew shellers for on-farm value addition. Agri-Drone Solutions — spraying and monitoring for 2-5 ha farms. Solar Powered Aquaculture — aerators for fish ponds (catfish, tilapia, snakehead).

6.3 Tier 3 — Full-Scale Agrisolar Deployment

Megawatt-Scale Agrisolar Projects — utility solar with inter-row rice in Battambang, Kampong Thom, Kampong Cham. Battery Energy Storage — grid stability and rural electrification. Agrisolar Tourism — prefab eco-accommodations in Siem Reap (Angkor corridor), Kampot, and Kep.

6.4 Deployment Strategy

Cluster Model: 50-200 smallholders per solar hub, aligned with Cambodia’s agricultural cooperatives. Shared cold storage/drying/processing. Individual pumps, biochar kilns, sensors.

Phased Rollout: Phase 1 (Year 1-2): 30 clusters, 1,500-6,000 farmers in Battambang, Kampong Thom, Kandal. Grant-funded. Phase 2 (Year 3-4): 200 clusters, 10,000-40,000 farmers. Blended finance. Phase 3 (Year 5+): 500+ clusters, 25,000-100,000+ farmers. Commercial finance + carbon credits.

Priority Regions: (1) Battambang — rice + cassava, anchor with irrigation + biochar. (2) Kampong Thom — cashew capital, anchor with solar drying. (3) Kandal — peri-urban vegetables, anchor with cold storage + growhouses. (4) Kampot/Kep — GI crops, anchor with solar drying + cold storage. (5) Prey Veng/Svay Rieng — Mekong dry-season corridor. (6) Mondulkiri/Ratanakiri — forest frontier, anchor with carbon credits + agroforestry.

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7. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY — CAMBODIA VS. THAILAND SMALLHOLDER SECTORS

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8. CONCLUSION — CAMBODIA’S AGRICULTURAL CROSSROADS

Cambodia’s smallholder agricultural sector is at a defining moment. On one hand, export volumes are surging — agricultural exports grew 27.8% year-on-year in 2025, reaching 14.9 million tons — and the country has established global leadership positions in cashew (3rd), cassava (10th), and rice (9th-10th). On the other hand, the sector’s foundations are fragile: the majority of smallholders operate on less than 1.5 hectares with rain-fed dependence, limited value addition, and incomes that hover near the poverty line.

The pathway forward requires a shift from extensive growth (more land, more labor) to intensive growth (higher productivity per hectare). Agrisolar directly enables this transition by:

1. Powering irrigation for dry-season cultivation, potentially doubling cropping intensity on existing farmland.
2. Reducing post-harvest losses through solar cold storage and drying, capturing 15-30% of produce currently lost.
3. Providing reliable, low-cost electricity for processing — enabling Cambodia to capture value currently lost to Thai and Vietnamese processors.
4. Diversifying farmer income through electricity sales (net metering) and carbon credits, reducing vulnerability to crop price shocks.
5. Enabling precision agriculture (solar-powered sensors, automated irrigation) that increases yields while reducing water and fertilizer use.

The convergence of high solar irradiation, acute irrigation deficits, strong government policy support, and active development partner engagement creates a window of opportunity for agrisolar investment in Cambodia that may not remain open indefinitely. For the 800,000-1,000,000 micro-holding farmers cultivating less than one hectare, agrisolar represents not just an efficiency improvement — but a pathway out of subsistence agriculture entirely.

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SOURCES AND REFERENCES

[1] Census of Agriculture Cambodia 2023 — National Report on Final Census Results. National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Ministry of Planning, and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). 2024.

[2] Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 2023. National Institute of Statistics. 2024.

[3] Cambodia Agriculture Survey (CAS) 2023. NIS and MAFF. 2024.

[4] Cambodia — Agriculture Country Commercial Guide. U.S. International Trade Administration (trade.gov). Updated 2024.

[5] “Agriculture now 22 per cent of GDP.” The Phnom Penh Post, January 30, 2024. (Citing MAFF Minister Dith Tina)

[6] Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2022: Toward a More Inclusive and Resilient Cambodia. World Bank. April 2023.

[7] Cambodia Annual Country Report 2023. World Food Programme (WFP). 2024.

[8] “Cambodia’s cashew nut production fell to third place in the world.” Tridge / FAO data. March 2024.

[9] “New Cassava Policy to Transform Production of Crucial Crop.” UNDP Cambodia. 2023.

[10] Cambodian Smallholder Rubber Sector, 2000 to 2021: Trajectories of Change. Academia / Journal of Rubber Research. 2023.

[11] Cambodia Energy Efficiency Policy 2022-2030. Ministry of Mines and Energy.

[12] Power Development Plan 2022-2040. Electricity Authority of Cambodia.

[13] “The digitalisation of Cambodia’s agricultural export boom.” Trade Finance Global. 2025.

[14] FAO Hand-in-Hand Initiative — Cambodia. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2024.

[15] FAOSTAT Data — Cambodia. FAO. 2023-2024.

[16] Multidimensional Poverty Index 2024 — Cambodia. UNDP. 2024.

[17] “Poverty Data: Cambodia.” Asian Development Bank. 2024.

[18] “Cambodia’s agricultural export potential — opportunity snapshot 2024→2025.” Foodbodia. November 2025.

[19] Cambodia Ag Review — MFAT New Zealand. June 2024.

[20] ADB Solar Energy Resource Atlas — Southeast Asia. Asian Development Bank / NREL.

[21] “It’s Time to Energize Cambodian Agribusiness.” ADB Blog. 2024.

[22] WFP and Cambodian Partner Launch US$3 Million Project for Smallholder Farmers. WFP. 2024.

[23] “Reinvigorating Cambodian Agriculture.” MPRA / Munich Personal RePEc Archive. 2019.